O. Mashevskyi, Doctor of History, Professor
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2017.134.3.13
THE BLACK SEA VECTOR IN THE GREAT POWERS' POLICY (1930S – EARLY 1990S)
The article analyses the impact of the great powers’ combat for control over the Bosporus and the Dardanelles factor on the Black Sea policy of the former and upon the international relations in 1930s – early 1990s in general. The background, reasons, process and consequences of the Montreaux – 1936 regime of straits’ reconsideration have been reviewed. It is underlined that given the abovementioned redetermination, the Republic of Turkey basically restored its sovereignty over these strategically important hubs lost back in 1923 after the Lausanne conference. Such restoration in fact stood for legitimizing the Kemal government worldwide. The USSR succeeded in ameliorating the conditions of transit of vessels through the straits. However, these advantages have been completely neutralized by the further rapprochement of Turkey and the West. The pressure of the USSR over Ankara on the institution of control over the straits in postwar resulted in Turkey’s joining NATO in 1952. Although before Ankara was stuck to balancing between Moscow, on the one hand, and London and Washington, on the other. Regardless of further Turkish-Soviet slight détente, Moscow ceased to take steps in reconsidering the Montreux convention which is still in force today.
Key words: the Black Sea straits, Bosporus, the Dardanelles, Montreux.
References
1. AKGYUN, М. (2003) Chernomorskie prolivy: nezrimye svyazi. Russko-tureckie otnosheniya: istoriya, sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy: sb. nauch. tr. Pp. 43-75.
2. BOLDYREV, А.V. (2003) Chernomorskiye prolivy vo vneshnej politike Rossii na rubezhe XIX-ХХ vv. Unpublished Thesis (PhD), Moscowskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet imeni M.V. Lomonosova.
3. KINYAPINA, N.S. (ed.) (1978) Vostochnyj vopros vo vneshnej politike Rossii. Konec XVIII – nachalo XX veka. Moscow: Nauka.
4. Konventsiya o rezhyme prolivov. Montre, 20 iyulya 1936 g. (1957) Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya i vneshnyaya politika SSSR. Sb. dokumentov. № 41. Pp. 100-104.
5. LUNEVA, Yu.V. (2003) Chernomorskie prolivy v anglo-rossiyskix otnosheniyax (1907-1914 gg.). Unpublished Thesis (PhD), Institut vseobshhey istorii Rossijskoy Akademii Nauk.
6. MASHEVSKYI, О. (2015) Amerykansko-brytanska viiskovo-morska spivpratsia v period Pershoi svitovoi viiny. Yevropeiski istorychni studii. № 2. Pp. 216-230. [Online]. – Avaliable from: http://eustudies.history.univ.kiev.ua/files/v2/Evropeys_ki_istorychni_studii_ // nomer_2.pdf [Accessed June 14, 2017]
7. MASHEVSKYI, О.P. (2016) Polityka SSHA u Chornomorsko-Seredzemnomorskomy rehioni v period Pershoi svitovoi viiny. Amerykanska istoriia ta polityka. № 2. Pp. 118-127.
8. MASHEVSKYI, О.P. (2009) Problema Chornomorskykh protok u mizhnarodnykh vidnosynakh (1870 r. – pochatok 1920-h rr.). Кyiv: Akvilon-Plus.
9. NAROCHITSKAYA, L.I. (1989) Rossiya i otmena nejtralizacii Chernogo moria. Moscow: Nauka.
10. POTSKHVERIYA, B.M. (1999) Sovetsko-tureckie otnosheniya i problema Prolivov nakanune, v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojni i v poslevoennye desyatiletiya. Rossiya i Chernomorskiye prolivy (XVIII-XX stoletiya). Pp. 438-516.
11. POCXVERIYA, B.M. (2003) Chernomorskiye prolivy v rossiysko-turetskyx otnosheniyax. Russko-tyretskiye otnosheniya: istoriya, sovremennoye sostoyaniye I perspektivy: Sb. nauch. tr. Pp. 76-85.
12. NEZHINSKIJ, L.N., IGNAT’EV, A.V. (ed.) (1999) Rossiya i Chernomorskiye prolivy (XVIII-XX stoletiya). Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya.
13. RUSAKOV, К.А. (2003) Problema Chernomorskix prolivov vo vneshney politike Velikobritanii, 1892-1920 gg. Luganskiy Natsional’nyj pedagogicheskij universitet imeni Tarasa Shevchenko.
14. KHORMACH, I. А. (1999) Ot Lozanny do Montre (Sovietskij Soyuz i Problema Chernomorskix prolivov v 1924-1936 gg.). Rossiya i Chernomorskie prolivy (XVIII-XX stoletiya). Pp. 392-436.
15. ANDERSON, M.S. (1965) The eastern question. 1774-1923. London: Macmillan.
16. BLAKE, N.M. (1960) The United States in its world relations. New York-Toronto-London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
17. BOBROFF, R.P. (2006) Roads to the Glory. Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits. London-New York: I.B. Tauris.
18. DEUTSCH, R. (1971) Die Entstenung des Meerengenvertrages von Montreux 1936. Bukarest: Akademieverlag.
19. FUAD, A. (1928) La Question des Détroits. Paris: Savouret.
20. HOWARD, H. (1974) Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy. Baltimor-London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
21. LAURENCE, E. (1965) United States policy and the partition of Turkey, 1914-1924. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
22. MACFIE, A. L. (1993) The straits question 1908-36. Saloniki: Institue of Balkan Studies.
23. Memorandum by the American Ambassador (Mac Murry) of a Conversation With the Turkish Minister for Foreign Affairs (Aras), July 25, 1936 (1953). Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers. 1936. Washington. Pp. 527-528.
24. Memorandum by the Secretary of State. Washington, April 11, 1936 (1953). Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers 1936. Washington. Vol. III. P. 503.
25. Note of April 10, 1936, From the Turkish Government to the Parties to the Lausanne Treaty of 1923. (1953) Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers 1936. Washington. Vol. III. Pp. 503-504.
26. SEYDI, S. (2005) Turkey's Application of the Montreux Convention in the Second World War. Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 41. № 1. January. Pp. 79-101.
27. The Consul at Geneva (Gilbert) to the Secretary of State. Geneva, June 26, 1936. (1953) Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers. 1936. Washington. Pp. 524-525.